What Is Petroleum Engineering Biology Essay

What Is Petroleum Engineering Biology Essay Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons which can be either crude oil or natural gas and there is subsurface activities that presume to fall within the upstream sector of oil and gas industry which are activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons(refining and distribution to a marked are referred to as the downstream sector)explored by earth scientists and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industrys two main subsurface disciplines in which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from petroleum of engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of the recourses using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil , water and gas within a porous rock within a very high pressure and The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology( drilling, economics, reservoir simulation,well engineering, artificial lift systems) The Drill is a machine which creates holes (usually called boreholes) and shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person.[citation needed] They sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties. Drilling fluid: A drilling fluid is any fluid which circulates through a well in order to remove cuttings from a wellbore. This section will discuss fluids which have water or oil as their continuous phase. Air, mist and foam, which can be used as drilling fluids, will not be discussed at this time and drilling fluid must fulfill many functions in order to drill a well successfully, safely, and economically. The most important functions are: 1. Remove drilled cuttings from under the bit. (2) Carry those cuttings out of the hole. (3) Suspend cuttings in the fluid when circulation is stopped. (4) Release cuttings when processed by surface equipment . (5) Allow cuttings to settle out at the surface. 6. Provide enough hydrostatic pressure to balance formation pore pressures. 7. Prevent the bore hole from collapsing or caving in. 8. Protect producing formations from damage which could impair production. 9. Clean, cool, and lubricate the drill bit Occasionally, these functions require the drilling fluid to act in conflicting ways. You can see that items #1-3 are best served if the drilling fluid has a high viscosity, whereas items #4-5 are best accomplished with a low viscosity. In its most basic form a drilling fluid is composed of a liquid (either water or oil). If nothing else is added, whenever the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the formation pore pressure (and the formation is porous and permeable) a portion of the fluid will be flushed into the formation. Since excessive filtrate can cause borehole problems, some sort of filtration control additive is generally added. In order to provide enough hydrostatic pressure to balance abnormal pore pressures, the density of the drilling fluid is increased by adding a weight material (generally barite). Preparation: The oil drilling process starts with finding the land to drill on. After selection, there are normally environmental studies to ensure no damage is done. The mineral rights will need to be acquired as well. A water source will have to be established, if one isnt nearby, and the site will need to be cleared of debris, trees and other objects. A hole is then dug where the main drilling will be. The Base Liquid: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Water fresh or saline à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Oil diesel or crude à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mineral Oil or other synthetic fluids Dispersed Solids: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Colloidal particles, which are suspended particles of various sizes. Dissolved Solids: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Usually salts, and their effects on colloids most is important and all drilling fluids have essentially the same properties, only the magnitude varies. These properties include density, viscosity, gel strength, filter cake, water loss, and electrical resistance. Though this type of drilling fluid is easy to describe, it is hard to define and even more difficult to find. In the field, a normal fluid generally means that there is a little effort expended to control the range of properties. General rules include: 1. It is used where no unexpected conditions occur. 2. The mud will stabilize, so its properties are in the range required to control the hole conditions. 3. The chief problem is viscosity control Formations usually drilled with this type of mud mainly sands. Since viscosity is the major problem, the amount and condition of the colloidal clay is important. To do this, two general types of treatment are used: 1. Water soluble polyphosphates: (a) They reduce viscosity (b) You should use it alone or with tannins 2. Caustic Soda and Tannins: (a) They also reduce viscosity. (b) You have to use it under more severe conditions than phosphate treatment. The drilling fluids are made to combat particular abnormal hole conditions or to accomplish specific objectives. These are: 1. Special Objectives: (a) Faster penetration rates. (b) Greater protection to producing zones. 2. Abnormal Hole Conditions: (a) Long salt sections. (b) High formation pressures. Lime Base Muds: 1. Water base mud. 2. Treated with large amounts of caustic soda, que-bracho, and lime. 3. Ratio of 2 lb caustic soda, 1.5 lb quebracho and 5 lb lime per 1 barrel of mud. 4. Will go through a highly viscous stage, but will become stable at a low viscosity. 5. Good points: (a) Can tolerate large amounts of contaminating salts. (b) Remains fluid when solids content gets high. 6. Weakness it has a tendency to solidify when subjected to high bottom-hole temperatures. Lime-Treated Muds: 1. Similar to lime based mud differ only in degree. 2. A compromise attempt at overcoming the high temperature gelation problem. (a) Use less lime than lime-base mud. (b) Not nearly so resistant to salt contamination. Emulsion Muds Oil in Water: 1. Oil can be added to any of the normal or special mud with good results 2. No special properties necessary 3. Natural or special emulsifying agents hold oil in tight suspension after mixing. 4. Oils used are: (a) Crude oils. (b) Diesel. (c) Any oil with API gravity between 25 and 50. 5. Oil content in mud may be 1% to 40%. 6. Advantages are: (a) Very stable properties. (b) Easily maintained. (c) Low filtration and thin filter cake. (d) Faster penetration rates. (e) Reduces down-hole friction. 7. Major objection is that the oil in the mud may mask any oil from the formation. Includes muds: 1. Mud with inhibited filtrates. 2. Large amounts of dissolved salts added to the mud. 3. High pH usually necessary for best results. 4. Designed to reduce the amount of formation swelling caused by filtrate inhibit clay hydration. 5. Disadvantages: (A) Needs specialized electric logs. (B) Requires much special attention. (C) Low mud weights cannot be maintained without oil. (D) Hard to increase viscosity. (E) Salt destroys natural filter cake building properties of clays. Gypsum Base Muds: 1. A specialized inhibited mud: (a) Contains large amounts of calcium sulfate. (b) Add 2 lb/bbl gypsum to mud system. (c) Filtration controlled by organic colloids. 2. Advantages: (a) Mud is stable. (b) Economical to maintain. (c) Filtrate does not hydrate clays. (d) High gel strength. 3. Disadvantages: (a) fine abrasives remain in mud. (b) Retains gas in mud. Oil Based Muds: 1. Oil instead of water used as the dispersant. 2. Additives must be oil soluble. 3. Generally pre-mixed and taken to the well-site. 4. To increase aniline value, blown asphalt and un-slaked lime may be added. 5. Advantages: (a) Will not hydrate clays. (b) Good lubricating properties . (c) Normally higher drill rate. 6. Disadvantages: (a) Expensive. (b) Dirty to work with. (c) Requires special electric logs. (d) Viscosity varies with temperature. Inverted Emulsions: 1. Water in oil emulsion. Oil largest component, then water added. Order of addition is important 2. Have some of the advantages of oil muds, but cheaper. Oil-Based Mud Systems: There are two types of systems: 1) invert emulsion, where water is the dispersed phase and oil the continuous phase (water-in-oil mud), and 2) emulsion mud, where oil is the dispersed phase and water is the continuous phase (oil-in-water mud). Emulsifiers are added to control the rheological properties (water increases viscosity, oil decreases viscosity). Air, Mist, Foam-Based Mud Systems: These lower than hydrostatic pressure systems are of four types: dry air or gas is injected into the borehole to remove cuttings and can be used until appreciable amounts of water are encountered, mist drilling is then used, which involves injecting a foaming agent into the air stream, foam drilling is used when large amounts of water is encountered, which uses chemical detergents and polymers to form the foam, and aerated fluids is a mud system injected with air to reduce the hydrostatic pressure. Workover Mud Systems: Also called completion fluids, these are specialized systems designed to minimize the damage formation, be compatible with acidizing and fracturing fluids and reduce clay/shale hydration and They are usually highly treated brines and blended salt fluid. Set Up and Drilling: The main hole is dug wide at the top and is drilled down with just a basic small drill. Two other holes are also dug to store equipment and dirt. Next the main rig is brought in and set up over the main drilling hole. The basic rig is made up of a drill bit and piping that sends the drill further and further down, scaffolding with cable and pulley to bring the drill up and an engine to turn the drill. The drill is sent down, where it chews up the earth. The mud is moved up the piping into a hole built for storage. As the drill goes down, more piping is added, and when a drill wears out, it is pulled up and replaced. Finding Oil: Once mud, being pulled up from the drill site, shows signs of oil residue, the drill is removed and testing is done. Core samples are taken as well as pressure and gas tests. When it is confirmed that the oil has been found, an explosive charge is sent down in the form of a perforating gun. This will crack the rock so that oil can flow into the drill area. After the rock is cracked, a pipe is lowered down for the oil to be collected. The hole is then capped off to avoid spillage and a pump is set up to pull the oil out of the ground.

Mexican American War an Exercise in American Imperialism Essay

The Mexican-American War was the beginning of a legacy of hate between the Americans and Mexicans. During this era, America was growing commercially and industrially, leading to the need for more land to maximize the American profit. This Anglo-American necessity led to the Mexican-American War. Imperialism was indeed the corner stone for the entire Mexican-American war; Americans aimed to control the Mexican lands through direct control. Manifest Destiny, the belief that the Americans were to expand to the Pacific Coast, was started in the 1840s. It is no secret that Polk won the election largely because of his radical expansionist views. Shortly after Polk’s win, he sent a few representatives to protect the border of Texas and bargain for the land, not long after Congress passed Texas to become a state. Due to the men â€Å"protecting† the border of Texas, Mexico became angry and refused to accept Polk’s compromise, offering only a partial recognition. Polk declined, and American troops proceeded to the Rio Grande. Polk later claimed that the Mexico-American War was a last resort to Mexico’s lack of cooperation and attack on the Americans, and that â€Å"American blood had been shed on American soil.† This is inaccurate. At that time, the land was neither said to belong solely to the Americans, or solely to the Mexicans. Each side thought the land belonged to them. Polk had also already planned the steps to lead to the control of Texas, even before the war. If not for imperialist goals, why would Polk have already planned the steps leading up to the war, if war itself was a â€Å"last resort?† This shows the Americans illustration of imperialism by the fact that President Polk would not accept Mexico’s terms for partial recognition probably because Polk had a dream of owning all the land to the coast. In fact, during this time the Anglo-Saxons believe that the God they worshiped had given them a right to all the land on this continent, and that they were to spread their religion within those who did not believe. Abiel Abbot Livermore gave an accurate description of the Americans in his book The War With Mexico Reviewed: â€Å"more, more, give us more.† This is in regards to the Americans’ want for new land. Numerous people had negative views on the Mexican-American War. Benjamin Lundy, William Ellery Channing, and John Quincy Adams were just a few. Eugene Barker stated that â€Å"the general cause of the revolt was to extend  imperial authority†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as â€Å"†¦substitute centralized oligarchy.† Common imperialist views are that the people should exert their culture on the lands that they gain control of. Eugene Barker’s statement leads one to believe that this was exactly what President Polk was doing. In this case, it was religion that he and the Americans were enforcing. He forced the Mexicans to become Protestant if they chose to stay in their homeland. The Mexican American War shows all the signs of imperialism. President Polk made claims that there was no other solution but war, when, in reality, there were many other solutions. Polk’s unnecessary want for the control of land, and for the United States to become the greatest power, all familiar views of imperialism, led him to war. The annexation of Texas did indeed play a large role in the Mexican-American War, and was based off of imperialist beliefs and goals.

The General Theory Of Crime - 2462 Words

â€Å"Historically, criminologists have separately studied the pattern and causes of criminal offending and the pattern and causes of victimization† (Piquero et al., 2005, p.55). This began to change when criminologists recognized a strong relationship between offending and victimization. Scholars argue that this relationship can be explained by a common underlying trait of low self-control. Gottfredson and Hirschi first introduced low self-control as an explanation of offending in the General Theory of Crime, and more recent studies have applied the theory to victimization. In this paper, we will first discuss Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime as it applies to criminality. Then, we will review the literature to see how their†¦show more content†¦They also tend to engage in â€Å"analogous criminal acts† such as smoking, drinking, gambling, irresponsible sex, and speeding in cars. In households where children are cared for and appropriate ly disciplined, those children develop the self-control needed, through socialization, to resist the easy temptations offered by crime. This early developmental process is key in setting the stage for later life. (McMurtry Curling, 2008) Gottfredson and Hirschi strayed from Hirschi’s previous theory that social control protected people from participating in criminal activities in favor of the conception that self-control, or lack thereof, could be used to explain criminal behavior. According to the general theory of crime, crime occurs through the following process: (1) an impulsive personality to (2) lack of self-control to (3) the withering of social bonds to (4) the opportunity to commit crime and delinquency to (5) deviant behavior. Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that those who engage in crime do so to obtain immediate gratification. People with a propensity for criminal involvement are said to lack self-control, or the ability to delay short-term desires. Theorists state that this lack of self-control can be traced back to early childhood when early indications of deviant behavior emerge. For those with low self-control, participation in deviant behavior continues

Media’s Influence on Adolescent Body Image Essay - 1460 Words

Today’s society is a consumers’ society in which trying to obtain perfection is one of the fastest selling businesses (DeLaMater Pg. 12). Mass media, advertising, and fashion industries are being accused of feeding off females dissatisfaction with their bodies by portraying unhealthy thin role models in order to sell their products. This unachievable physique and lifestyle has led today’s adolescence down a dark path of such extreme eating disorders as anorexia and bulimia. Although it may sound nice to be societies perception of thin, there are consequences to these eating disorders such as cardiac failure that lead to horrifying defects or even death. In the 1950s, models such as Marilyn Monroe or Zhazha Gabor didn’t suffer from a†¦show more content†¦Even if some girls were not classified as having an eating disorder 44% of adolescent girls believed they were heavy and 60% were exercising excessively trying to lose weight. (Katzman et al. Pg. 287). Anorexia and Bulimia nervosa are deemed as medical illnesses or used to describe a psychological disorder by of self-induced starvation in order to become thin. People that have either of these illnesses have an excessive fear of gaining weight although they differ in their causation. Anorexia is when the person starves themselves for days without eating and Bulimia is recurrent binge eating, followed by vomiting, purging, fasting, the use of laxatives, diuretics, and over exercising. Sadly they both cause great harm to the human body. Even though most of the high morality rate for anorexia nervosa is due to suicide some of them are due to cardiac complications. Some of the complications due to an eating disorder are moderately benign such as bradycardia and hypotension. However some can cause lethal harm to ones heath such as Reduced sympathetic response, ventricular fibrillations, arrhythmias, or cardiac failure. Arrhythmias and Cardiac failure are the two most common of cardiac complications for adolescences with eating disorders. Ventricular Arrhythmias are defined as an abnormal rate of muscle contractions in the heart; an irregular heart beat, â€Å"an arrhythmic heart beat.† When hooked up toShow MoreRelatedTeenage Girls and Body Image Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesget a lot of influence from the media’s message. The problem with this is the media has a specific way of doing things and can be negative to a susceptible teenage girl. Media’s way of portraying a woman can be skewed and un realistic way from what reality is. Teenage girls then have a desire for this look or way. 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The images displayed of women who have long beautiful legs, thin waist lines and smooth flawless skin are very hard to ignore. Throughout history the female body has been on display as a selling tool to coerce people into buying that new fancy car or the latest new appliance that can makeRead More The Medias Influence on Eating Disorders Essay example1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medias Influence on Eating Disorders The National Eating Disorders Association states that eating disorders are conditions that arise from factors including physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social issues. Media images help define cultural definitions of beauty and attractiveness and are often acknowledged as one of the factors that contribute to the rise of eating disorders (NEDA). The National Eating Disorders Associations website, The Effect of the Media on Body SatisfactionRead MoreAnalysis of Article: â€Å"Influence of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disordered Attitudes and Behaviors in Females† by Jordi Fauquet, et al.747 Words   |  3 Pagesaccepted misconception of personal image. â€Å"Influence of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disordered Attitudes and Behaviors in Females† reveals the high correlation between media content and females’ idea of beauty. Although the article does not specify on their intended audience, the reader can infer the audience to be adolesc ent females and important familiars to them, i.e. mothers and friends. Appealing to individuals who have the most impact on an adolescent female may evoke guilt through theRead MoreDo Teenagers Place Too Much Importance On Their Appearance?1175 Words   |  5 Pageslifetime. It is where new emotions are revealed to you and new standards are set. 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Being bombarded with images of beautiful women with perfect figures and porcelain skin has had an effect on the way women and young girls portray their own bodies. This, in return, causes a drive for thinness which, ultimately, can ignite feelings of dissatisfaction which can cause eating disorders and poor health decisions. This epidemic has captivated many women and adolescents as they go to tremendous lengths

Informative Speech Amazing Content, Needs - 1063 Words

Comment: Amazing Content, Needs to be Edited Summary As a writer, I think the content that I produce is really strong. My writing is well organized, which leads to clarity for my readers. My ideas get across to the readers with ease. I use my creativity to my advantage by adding like and personality to my words. However, I’m not a strong editor. I can’t recognize my own errors. No matter how hard I try, there will always be mechanical errors on my final product. I believe that I can use blogging as an opportunity to improve my writing. By writing about content that interest me, I can improve my writing skills in the process. I can learn how to edit my writing, which will reduce mechanical errors. It will also make me more fun for me to write. Therefore, I won’t have any excuse to say that I’m not interested in writing or that I easily get distracted. Strengths 1.Creativity. I tend to think outside of the box. Being creative definitely makes it easier for me to develop ideas. Developing ideas is the fastest part of my writing process. For some reason, I usually come up with ideas instantly. Being creativity also helps me add character to my writing. I don’t think that my writing is dry and boring. I think that my writing has a lot of character to it. I make it interesting and entertaining for the readers to read even if the subject is really dry. 2.Well organized. Before I write, I would make an outline. Making an outline helps me stay organized throughout the writingShow MoreRelatedThe Souls Of Black Folk And Three Negro Classics1158 Words   |  5 PagesCompromise speech in 1895.† (,Du Bois, W.E.B PBS) While he be acquainted with the importance of the African American people lifestyle, Du Bois as well builds up the focus of encouraging African Americans’ desires to more important learned accomplishment. 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Mrs. Bell is a teacher in a self-contained classroom. Her classroom was very big, organized and inviting. There were six students with different disabilities such as: autism, speech and language disability, intellectual disabilities, visual impairment, and physical disability. There are four big rectangular tables instead of desks and chair, which were positioned into a square where there was enough room to walk around or withinRead MoreArt of Public Speaking5805 Words   |  24 Pagesall major aspects of speech preparation and presentation. Throughout The Art of Public Speaking I have followed David Hume’s advice that one â€Å"who would teach eloquence must do it chiefly by examples.† Whenever possible, I have tried to show the principles of public speaking in action in addition to describing them. Thus you will find in the book a large number of narratives and extracts from speeches--set off from the text in a contrasting typeface. 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Zhang Chunbai, whose article on audiovisual translation was published as early as 1998, gave

School Unifoms Free Essays

Part 1: Purpose The purpose of my bill is to give some children their freedom and creativity back, by allowing them to express how they feel through their clothes instead of wearing a uniform. Being able to tell a little bit about someone at first sight just by their clothes isn’t always bad. Even though school uniforms would make equality among the children, its also blocking their creativity and giving them the wrong message on how to look at things. We will write a custom essay sample on School Unifoms or any similar topic only for you Order Now People always say how horrible it is to judge people by what they wear or by what’s on the outside, but it’s not all stereotypical. Just by looking at someone you can tell a little bit about them, such as if they like different bands, or movies or games. You can tell if they don’t care about their appearance, or if they shop at expensive stores you can tell they might be wealthier. Clothes are a big way of expressing how you feel about different subjects. This bill will help people be able to do that. Another reason that we should not have uniforms is natural disasters. How would a parent identify their child? Most parents know what their children wear to school for the day, and it is a very easy way to pick out your child. Or another is what if a student with superiority attacked a younger age student how would they be able to describe their attacker or pick them out of a group if they all look the same. â€Å"School is a place where the next actors, writers, artists, politicians, inventors, designers and musicians are trained. School uniforms send a clear early-life message to students that comfort is important and creativity is not, that authority is allowed to abuse its power and constrain our constitutional right of free speech and expression. Students learn from uniforms that their individuality, political opinions and religious rights are unimportant, as is their education; students are regularly suspended for non compliance to the uniform code even if their school work is excellent. If uniform-requiring schools were actually in ‘the business of learning’ this would not occur† says Tara Maginnis. They’re all wearing the same uniform. I fear that as adults people don’t have the same opportunity as teenagers and children to express these things. As adults we can wear uniforms and suits, but children are not paid executives they should have the experience of wearing what they want, and by making them wear school uniforms we are taking away that experience. Suits and other formal clothes. can be saved for adults, but not for children. My bill will help kids experience these things. Many parents and teachers believe that enforcing school uniforms would create equality among the students. By creating this equality parents and teachers believe that it will cut down on bullying and peer pressure to dress nice. But unfortunately students will find other ways to bully a peer. Its also important for childrens minds to pick out their own clothes to wear. It has been proven that alowing children to pick out their own clothes creates a better thinker, and independence. No parent or teacher wants their child/stufdent to believe that making everything equal is the way things work in the world, and wearing uniforms everyday will make them believe this. This bill will not allow any school in America to have school uniforms. This will include both public and private schools. This bill will support kids throughout America to express their creativity, outgoing styles, and unique personalities. Making children wear uniforms is against freedom of expression. We are containing our children’s creative minds by making them wear uniforms. Clothing is a very big way for children to express themselves and their personalities. The way they define themselves is not only through their feelings and actions, but also through their clothing. A child’s mind is growing and we are restricting them as children. We are crippling their young creative minds by making them wear the same uniform day after day. Parents and teachers should not have the right to take away a child’s creative minds. That is what this bill is for. Goals for this bill would be†¦  · give kids freedom to pick their own clothes  · give them their freedom of expression  · find other ways to deal with teasing and etc  · save money for parents, and the government  · show people who want uniforms why this bill is important  · give children their creativity and another way to express it  · get rid of some clothing stereotypes  · give them the experience These goals are very possible if this bill is passed. I will try my hardest to make them all happen if my bill is passed. The affects of this bill will be a big turning point for all the schools and students, and parents, when they realize that having uniforms is a bad thing, and it’s much better without them. This bill will need a lot of cooperation from school’s staff all around America. It will need to be enforced by the government, but in every school we are going to need to cooperation from all principal. They have a giant impact on what the children and parents believe is right for the school. This will mainly need to be enforced by the government. We need them to make sure that every school in America is following the rules that are in the bill. The government is the only one that can do that. Part 2: Definitions Superiority: A higher ranking or a higher status person. Crippling: Disabling, impairing, weakening. Non Compliance: Dont agree, refuse. Part 3: Date effective This bill will be going into affect August twentieth. This way it’s not in the middle of the school year and parents haven’t already spent money on expensive uniforms that their child won’t even be wearing for more than half of a school year. Part 4: Costs Benefits This bill is not a big money issue. In the end, we will be saving parents, the government, and the schools money. First by taking away uniforms you would think that the parents would end up losing money, but that is not how I see it. Once the parents buy the uniforms for the children they don’t have to buy any other clothes for school for their children. No child is going to wear their school uniform outside of school. The parents will end up purchasing just as many clothes and spending more money than the parents who don’t have to buy uniforms. That would be for public schools but then on the other hand, public schools are funded by the government. This way the government would save money too, by not having to buy uniforms for all of the public schools. Also if the schools did not have to ask for uniforms from the school, they could ask for more supplies for the buildings, and help the needs of the school. But I am fearful that the schools with uniforms will disagree, and we will end up making a compromise so that this bill will get passed. How to cite School Unifoms, Essay examples

Financial Ombudsman Service-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial Ombudsman Service. Answer: Introduction Financial Ombudsman Service is an independent expert system for resolving of complaints between the customer and the businesses which are providing financial services. This report includes critical evaluation of the case study in which a self-employed person borrows a loan from bank worth $250000 which is secured by mortgage of property. Due to extreme conditions the person was unable to repay the loan and provided the reasons to bank for their inability to repay. But bank was insensitive to the same and thus the person approached a financial ombudsman service (FOS). The role and responsibilities of an FOS is described along with evaluation of a case study is done. It also evaluates the performance of an FOS with respect to current scenario. It is one of the third-party grievances handling system (Gilad, 2008). Financial ombudsman service and its role Financial ombudsman service is an independent expert solving out the problems relating to financial services. It is established by the parliament. When the business and customer are unable to resort the matter FOS shall come into play. It will provide an unbiased view to the problem and have all legal powers to do things right. The service of the FOS can only be taken after the customer has himself complained to the business about his problem and the business is unable to solve the same in eight weeks (Summer, 2010). It shall consider all the relevant laws and regulations, guidance, code of practices and ethical practice relating to business. Its funding is done by the financial service sector which collects the same through fees and statuary levies. The applicants apply free of cost and its cost are met by various financial service providers (Financial Ombudsman Service, 2015). According to Financial Ombudsman Service Australia, 2017 the following types of services are provided by FOS Banking Services. Credit card complaints. Insurances (general and life). Services of financial planning. Investment advices. Financial services in context with breaking of law, breaching code of ethics and sectors not meeting standards of good practice (Financial Ombudsman Service Australia, 2017). In the given case, the bank has mortgaged the property and is not helpful to the customer and not considering the reason for failure to pay and thus he approaches the financial ombudsman service. FOS gives assistance to such customers since it is within its scope and only when the customer and the business have not resolved the same and thus the case qualifies as a customer for FOS (Ali, 2016). Procedure followed by customer The following procedure shall be followed by the customer The customer shall lodge the complaint with FOS by submitting the online dispute form or by email or in writing by downloading the form or by telephone. The following information shall be provided by the customer during lodging of complaint : Name and address of the applicant. Key issues. Name and details of financial service provider. If the provider of service lodges complaint it will obtain written consent of customer and then file the same with FOS. If the applicant requires a representative due to some technical or language difficulties the same shall be allowed under FOS but the charges paid to that representative shall be borne by applicant himself. The customer can apply to FOS within six years from the date the dispute arises. But it will come down to two years in case of credit contract variation. After the dispute is filed with FOS, it registers the same and informs the same to FSP for internally resolving the dispute. (Financial Ombudsman Service Australia, 2017) If the applicant accepts determination, FSP shall sign a Confirmation of settlement and the full and final resolution to the case shall enforce. It shall make applicant sign a deed of release within 14 days and the deed should be consistent with determination formulated. Procedure followed by FOS After the applicant has submitted the dispute the FOS shall follow its procedure to resolve the same- Registration and Referral The first step is to refer the dispute filed with the financial service provider. The FSP after examining the case shall respond back to the applicant as well as the FOS. The FSP shall be given a time limit to respond which is depending on the case but in most cases it is 45 days. But when FSP has already applied the same it will come down to 21 days. If FSP does not respond to dispute within the registration and referral stage the same shall be addressed by the FOS (Financial Ombudsman Service, 2015). Case management When the dispute is not resolved above the same is referred here. The case owner is appointed who reviews all the information relating to the dispute and will figure out the jurisdiction relating to the case for investigating the same. After reviewing the case manager shall inform the details to the applicant and the FOS and will resolve by negotiating, or adding merits to the dispute or conciliation conference (Gilad, 2009). Conciliation conference means an informal discussion by both the parties of the case. It is discussed with a conciliator who is an authorized employee of FOS. It is conducted generally as teleconferencing in which both the parties upheld their views and understand each others issues and then generate a proper response to the same. If the dispute resolves here the same is noted and annexed with the report and referred back to FOS. Negotiation is not as effective as conciliation. If the dispute is not resolved other matters to case are added to form an opinion and resolve the dispute (Ali, 2013). Decision This stage arises when the above two stages are unable to resolve the matter. Merits of the case taking the opinion of both the parties shall be considered and a fair decision will be taken applying proper code of ethics and industry best practices. The decision taken here shall be in the form of determination (Financial Ombudsman Service Australia, 2017).Depending on the nature of complexities the decision shall be taken by ombudsman or the panel, as the case may be. Before making a determination the concerned person shall first advice the parties. After determination is made, further no appeal can be filed by either of the parties. An applicant has thirty days (additional time may be allowed) to accept or reject the same. If he accepts it will be binding on both but if he rejects the same shall not be binding. But accepting and rejecting is done only by applicant, FSP has no power to accept or reject it (Llc, 2010). Evaluation of case study- Financial Difficulty Case 1: Following a Workplace injury Facts of the Case- In the given case the home loan was taken by the applicant and due to some workplace injury they were unable to pay the same but they updated the bank for settlement and made number of calls regarding their difficulty. But bank death very insensitively and does not route their difficulty. Rules and regulations to be followed by the bank- The bank breaches Code of Banking practice which states that when the customer has financial difficulty with the credit facility offered , bank will deploy the repayment plan and if required it will apply hardship provisions of uniform customer credit code. Decision by FOS The applicant filed an application with FOS for resolving this dispute. FOS made a reference to code of banking practice in which it was provided that bank will provide repayment moratorium and the same will be finalized in two months and thus it will give applicant a proper time for disposing their property and repay the loan. This decision was accepted by applicant in resolution to their dispute. Case 2: A refinanced Home loan Facts of the Case- In the given case the home loan was taken by the applicant and they asked the FSP to refinance their loan by offering them to mortgage their property. The FSP approved the refinancing. The applicant was unable to repay the loan and applied to FOS for settlement of the case. The applicant alleged that he should be compensated for the drop in prices of the house property. Rules and regulations to be followed by the bank- The bank credit statement was reviewed by FSP. It was found out that FSP demanded for the documents which were not necessary. And it was even reviewed that the loan given to the applicant was not repaid on time along with interest. As per the ethical practice when the applicant does not repay the same he should not be refinanced with a higher loan at a higher interest. Decision by FOS On the basis of the facts of the case and rules of bank it was concluded by FOS that the applicant shall be compensated for the fifty percent of the loss and bank should be more careful in taking decisions since refinancing at higher interest was not viable. The same was justified and the case was resolved. The FOS has a good track record in creating a just and fair redress system for financial consumers Critical Evaluation A Financial Ombudsman Service is a not for profit organization which provides dispute resolution to its financial customers. It has resorted around150000 disputes every year and providing an unbiased solution to the dispute. The business of resolving the dispute is increasing. It has various merits as applying to a non-government company at no cost; it also provides investigation and conciliation along with bad practices are rectified. But sometimes rapid solutions are required to critical problems which cannot be provided by FOS. Decisions taken by FOS are not binding on the applicant. It is binding only after acceptance of the decision (Legal Commission Services of South Australia, 2012). Statistics provide that ninety percent of the cases are resolved in the earlier stages without intervention of an ombudsman. From the data given above it can be easily depicted that FOS has a good track record and is in process of creating a fair redress system. References Ali, P, Bourova, E, Horbec, J and Ramsay, I,2016, Australia's Financial Ombudsman Service: An Analysis of Its Role in the Resolution of Financial Hardship Disputes, Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 34 (2), 163-168. Ali, S, 2013, Consumer Financial Dispute Resolution in a comparative context, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. Financial Ombudsman Service Australia, 2015, Operational Guidelines to the Terms of Reference, Retrieved on 15th August, 2017 from https://www.fos.org.au/custom/files/docs/operational-guidelines-as-at-1-january-2015.pdf Financial Ombudsman Service Australia, 2017, Dispute resolution process in detail, retrieved on 18 Aug, 2017 from https://www.fos.org.au/resolving-disputes/dispute-resolution-process-in-detail/#id=registration Financial Ombudsman Service Australia, 2017, Financial Difficulty. Retrieved on 16th august from https://www.fos.org.au/resolving-disputes/case-studies/#FinancialHardship. Financial Ombudsman Service Australia, 2017, Terms of Reference, retrieved on 18 Aug., 2017 from https://fos.org.au/about-us/terms-of-reference Financial Ombudsman Service, 2017, retrieved on 18 Aug., 2017 from https://ombudsman.funnelback.co.uk/s/search.html?query=20collection=meta Gilad , S, 2008, Accountability or Expectations Management? The Role of the Ombudsman in Financial Regulation, Wiley online library, 30(2), 227-253. Gilad, S, 2009, Juggling Conflicting Demands: The Case of the UK Financial Ombudsman Service, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(3), 661-680. Legal Commission Services of South Australia, 2012, Advantages and disadvantages of using the Ombudsman, Retrieved on 15th August, 2017 from https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch09s01s02s03.php Llc, B, 2010, Ombudsmen in the United Kingdom: Financial Ombudsman Service, General Books, United Kingdom. Summer, J, 2010, Insurance law and the financial ombudsman service, Lloyd List Law, Great Britain. Brophy, R, 2012, Development of insurance regulation in Ireland, Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 20(3), 248-263. Cortes, P, 2008, Accredited Online Dispute Resolution Services: Creating European Legal Standards for Ensuring Fair and Effective Processes, Information and Communications Technology Law, 17, 221237. Kimble, C, 2015, Business Models for E-Health: Evidence From Ten Case Studies, Global business and organizational Excellence, 34(4), 18-30. Waye, V and Morabito, V, 2015, Collective Forms of Consumer Redress: Financial Ombudsman Service Case Study, Journal of Corporate Law studies, 12(1), 1-31.